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- Line Noise and the Problems it Can Cause with File Transfers
-
- Many people have left messages on my bulletin board asking me why there
- are so many 'garbage' characters on their screens and why file transfers are
- riddled with errors. These garbage characters are really line noise and can
- be introduced in many different places. One of the more common and familiar
- introduction points of line noise is in the telephone company's system and
- even here there are several ways noise is introduced. A signal is routed
- through multiple stations before it eventually makes it to the other end and
- some of these stations aren't exactly new. Older areas may have older, less
- sophisticated equipment that is more apt to be affected by ambient noise.
- This is one reason some people continue to have noise problems even after
- hanging up and calling back multiple times. Also, a given physical connection
- at one of these junctions may not be up to snuff. If your particular bout of
- line noise is solved by hanging up and calling back, then it's probable that
- you were previously connected through an intermittent or 'dirty' connection.
- Some of these trunk lines (large, multi-caller 'pipes') may pass through an
- area that has alot of ambient RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) present
- although this is not usually the case.
-
- Another common noise introduction point is in your home. Most residential
- homes have televisions, radios, microwave ovens, VCR's, and if you are reading
- this, a micro-computer. All these devices radiate radio waves that can (and
- often do) get into the phone lines and cause noise. Electric motors and
- mechanical dimmer controls can introduce noise into the electrical wiring in
- your house and cause problems. If your line noise problem does not go away
- after repeated hanging up and calling back, then you may be suffering from one
- of these household problems. If you are suffering from this problem, you can
- take steps to eliminate it. First of all, turn off EVERTHING except the
- fridge (If it IS the fridge, then you're SOL. Can't live life with your ice
- box unplugged) and see if the noise persists. If it goes away, then start
- turning things back on, checking the computer each time until you see the
- noise start up again. It may be that a single device is not bugging you but
- several devices plotting together to annoy you. This elimination tournament
- may take awhile.
-
- Another area to check is your wiring at the computer. Use noise
- supressors on your power connections to both the PC and the modem (if
- external). Use a shielded RS-232 cable to connect your modem to the PC.
- Ribbon cables (especailly long runs of it) are great antennas and will cause
- problems. Re-route the RS-232 cable so it does not run next to the PC power
- supply or any other transformer. Many 'clone' monitors do not have internal
- metal shielding and can radiate lots of noise. Make sure the cable does not
- run near the monitor. If you are particularly adventuresome, you can line the
- interior of the monitor with foil and ground it with a ribbon grounding strap.
- Be VERY CAREFUL if you attempt this. Monitors generate THOUSANDS of volts of
- electricity and can knock you clear into next week. You'd best NOT attempt
- this unless you are experienced in electronics. If you live near a freeway or
- highway, then interference from CB radio can present a problem. Many
- interstate truckers have 100+ watts of power (illegally) on their CB rigs and
- frequently have sloppy amplifiers that can emit spurious radition all over the
- radio spectrum.
-
- And now a little discussion about the modem itself. First of all, I'd
- like to clerify a commonly misused term - BAUD. The term "Baud" is actually a
- man's name - J.M.E. Baudot (Pronounced: Baw-doe) a French Telegraphy expert.
- 1,200 and 2,400 Baud is NOT the same as 1,200 and 2,400 BPS (Bits Per Second).
- The usage of "Baud" to describe line speed in terms of data through-put is
- incorrect. 1,200 and 2,400 BPS modems both operate at 600 Baud. Basically,
- without getting to technical, a Baud is a "blip" of information. 1,200 BPS
- modems use four states per blip (or Baud) and 2,400 BPS modems use sixteen
- states per blip. If you want more information on what Baud and BPS mean and a
- full explanation of how data is actually represented and transferred by the
- modem, please refer to PC Magazine Volume 6, Number 9 (May 12, 1987).
-
- Modems operating at 2,400 BPS are much more intolerant of line noise than
- are modems operating at 1,200 BPS. Conversely, modems capable of 2,400 BPS
- operate better at 1,200 BPS than do 1,200 BPS only modems. If you are being
- hopelessly attacked by noise at 2,400 BPS, trying calling back at 1,200 BPS.
- It's very possible that the noise will be greatly reduced or disappear
- altogether. I know, you didn't buy a 2,400 BPS modem just to retard it to
- 1,200 BPS. The brand of the modem plays a part in the immunity to line noise.
- Some modems can digest more noise (lower signal-to-noise radio) than others.
- PC Magazine (same issue mentioned above) ran a test on 87 different modems.
- You might check the results to see how your modem ranks. Most 2,400 BPS
- modems operating at 1,200 BPS have approximately -8 to -10 db error threshold
- while the same modem has about -16 to -20 db threshold operating at 2,400 BPS.
- For this reason, line quality is much more critical at 2,400 BPS operation.
-
- Additionally, a friend of mine who runs a bulletin board from their
- office has been plagued with line noise problems at 2,400 BPS but very little
- noise at 1,200 BPS. The culprit is the office's centralized telephone system.
- Many office buildings have a given number of trunks that actually enter the
- building while there may be many, many more extension within the building.
- These types of telephone systems have their own controllers and line
- assignment devices and are frequently not as high in quality as a hard-wired
- Mabell line. The acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in some of these
- inter-office phone controllers are lower than necessary for reliable 2,400 BPS
- operation but not too low for 1,200 BPS.
-
- If you gets transmission errors while downloading or uploading a file,
- don't fret it. The Xmodem (or whatever protocol) incorporates an error
- checking/correction mechanism that automatically detects and corrects any
- errors that may occur during transmission. The very fact that Xmodem reported
- the error in the first place means that he caught it and corrected it. The
- only errors you have to worry about are the ones that Xmodem does NOT report
- Any reported error has already be corrected. Xmodem, especially the CRC
- flavored one, is a very reliable file transfer protocol. Even if you got 100
- errors during transmission, chances are still pretty slim that the file got
- corrupted. Occasionally, a file will be corrupted after transfer, but many
- times this may be due to a bad ARCing of the file or perhaps a disk error that
- may have occured sometime during the files' past.
-
- I hope this text helped explain some facts about modems, line noise, and
- file transfers.